Buddhism

Q.1 Which of the events of Buddha’s life is known as ‘Mahabhinishkramana’? (U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014)

(a) His death

(b) His birth

(d) His attainment of enlightenment

Ans. (c)

Exp:

Mahabhinishkramana (महाभिनिष्क्रमण) literally means “Great Departure” or “Great Renunciation.” It refers to Siddhartha Gautama leaving his royal household and beginning his life as a wandering ascetic in search of truth.
According to tradition, the Four Sights—old age, sickness, death and an ascetic—inspired Siddhartha to renounce his princely life.
At the age of 29, he left home in search of the truth. This Great Departure (Mahabhinishkramana) marked the beginning of his ascetic life. Traditional accounts state that he left with his horse Kanthaka and charioteer Chhandaka (Channa).
Buddha's death is known as: Mahaparinirvana / Mahaparinibbana. He attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagara.
Buddha's birth at Lumbini is associated with his Janma/Birth, not Mahabhinishkramana. In Buddhist art, the lotus is commonly associated with the birth event.
Siddhartha attained Enlightenment (Bodhi/Sambodhi) at Bodh Gaya under the Bodhi tree. This event is associated with: Sambodhi / Enlightenment.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q.2 Which of the following Kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha? (UPSC – 2014 & 2015)

1. Avanti 2. Gandhara 3. Kosala 4. Magadha

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4

Ans. (c)

Exp:

Avanti — Incorrect: Avanti was one of the important Mahajanapadas of the 6th century BCE, centred around Ujjain and Mahishmati. It certainly became an important centre of Buddhism later, and important Buddhist monks were associated with Avanti. However, Avanti was not directly associated with the major events of Buddha's life in the way that Kosala and Magadha were.
Gandhara — Incorrect: Gandhara was another important Mahajanapada, centred around the northwestern region, particularly the Peshawar valley and adjoining areas. It became a major centre of Buddhism much later, especially during the Kushan period, when the famous Gandhara school of Buddhist art flourished. But this is not the same as being associated with the life of the historical Buddha.
Kosala — Correct: Kosala was one of the major kingdoms associated with Buddha’s life. Shravasti (Savatthi) was its capital, and Buddha spent considerable time there, teaching and spending many rainy seasons at Jetavana. The Buddha was born at Lumbini, associated with the Shakya clan/republic in the Kosala region.
Magadha — Correct: Magadha had a close association with Buddha’s life. Rajagriha (Rajgir) was its capital during much of Buddha’s lifetime. King Bimbisara was a patron and follower of Buddha and offered the Bamboo Grove (Veluvana) monastery. Buddha also spent significant time in Magadha.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q.3 Who was the last person to get enlightenment from Gautam Buddha? (U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013)

(a) Anand (b) Sariputta (c) Mogglan (d) Subhadda

Ans. (d)

Exp:

According to Buddhist tradition, shortly before the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagara, a wandering ascetic named Subhadda approached the Buddha. Subhadda had questions concerning the teachings of other teachers of the time. The Buddha explained the Noble Eightfold Path and the importance of the Dhamma and Vinaya. Subhadda became convinced by the Buddha's teaching and: became the Buddha's last personal disciple.
Ananda was one of the Buddha's principal disciples and served as his attendant for many years. He was famous for his exceptional memory and is traditionally credited with preserving/reciting many of the Buddha's discourses.
Sariputta (Shariputra) was one of the Buddha's chief disciples, along with Moggallana. He was renowned for his: Wisdom, Intellectual ability and Understanding of the Dhamma. He died before the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana.
Moggallana (Maudgalyayana) was the other principal disciple of Buddha, renowned particularly for his supernatural powers (iddhi). He too died before the Buddha's final passing away.

Q.4 The ruler of Suvarnabhumi, who founded a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda and requested Devapala through his ambassador to grant five villages for its maintenance, was – (B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2018)

(a) Dharanindra (b) Sangramadhananjaya (c) Balaputradeva (d) Chudamanivarmana (e) None of the above/More than one of the above.

Ans. (c)

Exp:

This question is based on the Nalanda copper-plate inscription of Devapala, an important source for understanding the international connections of the Pala period.
Balaputradeva was a ruler of Suvarnabhumi, generally identified with the Southeast Asian region, particularly the Srivijaya sphere. He was a Buddhist ruler and established a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda for monks from his country. He subsequently sent an ambassador to the Pala ruler Devapala requesting a grant of five villages for the maintenance of the monastery.
Dharanindra was associated with the Sailendra dynasty of Java, which was a major Buddhist dynasty in Southeast Asia. He is therefore relevant to the broader history of Southeast Asian Buddhism. However, he was not the ruler named in Devapala's Nalanda inscription as the king who requested the five villages.
Sangramadhananjaya was another Southeast Asian ruler associated with the Srivijaya/Sailendra sphere. But he was not the ruler who made this request to Devapala.
Chudamanivarmana was another Southeast Asian ruler associated with the region, but he is not the ruler identified in Devapala's Nalanda copper-plate inscription for this particular monastery and grant.

Hence, option (c) Balaputradeva is the correct answer.

Q.5 Where did Buddha reside during the last rainy season of his life? (U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015)

(a) Shravasti (b) Vaishali (c) Kushinagar (d) Sarnath

Ans. (b)

Exp:

According to the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, during the last rainy season of his life, the Buddha stayed at Beluva (Beluvagama), near Vaishali. This was during the final year before his Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagara.
The Buddha was around 80 years old during the final phase of his life. He entered his last Vassa (rainy-season retreat) at Beluva, a village near Vaishali. During this period, the Buddha became seriously ill. The tradition records that he endured the illness and continued his journey after recovering.

Q.6 Which one of the following describes best the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism? (UPSC - 2013)

(a) The extinction of the flame of desire

(b) The complete annihilation of self

(d) A mental stage beyond all comprehension

Ans. (a)

Exp:

The best way to understand this question is through the Four Noble Truths.
Buddhist chain of reasoning
Dukkha (suffering/unsatisfactoriness)
↓
Tanha (craving/desire) is its cause
↓
Cessation of Tanha
↓
Cessation of Dukkha = Nirvana
Nirvana therefore refers to the extinction or cessation of craving, along with the overcoming of greed, hatred and delusion. It is not simply the annihilation of the self or a state of ordinary pleasure.
Hence, option (a) — “The extinction of the flame of desire” — is the best answer.

Q.7 Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at – (56th to 59th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2015)

(a) Vaishali (b) Kaushambi (c) Sarnath (d) Pawapuri

Ans. (c)

Exp:

After attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, the Buddha decided to teach what he had discovered. He travelled to Sarnath (ancient Isipatana/Migadaya), where the five ascetics who had previously practised austerities with him were staying. There he delivered his first sermon, traditionally identified as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. The sermon introduced the central teachings of Buddhism, especially:

1. The Middle Path

Avoiding both:

· extreme sensual indulgence, and

· extreme self-mortification.

2. The Four Noble Truths

· Dukkha — suffering/unsatisfactoriness

· Samudaya — origin of suffering

· Nirodha — cessation of suffering

· Magga — path leading to cessation

3. The Noble Eightfold Path

Vaishali was an important centre associated with the Buddha's later life. The Buddha visited Vaishali several times and spent his last rainy season at Beluva, near Vaishali. It is also associated with the Second Buddhist Council, held after the Buddha's death.
Kaushambi (Kausambi) was an important city of the Vatsa kingdom and an important centre visited by the Buddha. However, it was not the site of his first sermon.
Pawapuri is primarily associated with Jainism, not the Buddha's first sermon. It is traditionally regarded as the place where Mahavira attained Mahaparinirvana.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q.8 Which of the following rulers convened the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir? (66th B.P.S.C. (Pre.) 2020)

(a) Ashoka (b) Ajatashatru (c) Kanishka (d) Kalashoka (e) None of the above/More than one of the above

Ans. (c)

Exp:

Kanishka I was one of the most important rulers of the Kushan dynasty, ruling approximately in the 2nd century CE. He was a major patron of Buddhism, particularly associated with the spread of Buddhism into Central Asia. According to the traditional Buddhist account, Kanishka convened the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir.
Major points:
Patron: Kanishka I
Dynasty: Kushan
Location: Kashmir
Traditionally associated place: Kundalavana
Major purpose: Addressing doctrinal/interpretive differences within Buddhism
Associated school: Sarvastivada
Important scholar associated with the council: Vasumitra
The council's proceedings are traditionally connected with the compilation/commentarial work on the Abhidharma literature.
Ashoka, the great Mauryan ruler, was a major patron of Buddhism. He is traditionally associated with the: Third Buddhist Council → Pataliputra. It was associated with Moggaliputta Tissa.
Ajatashatru, ruler of Magadha, is traditionally associated with the: First Buddhist Council → Rajagriha (Rajgir). The First Council was held shortly after the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana. It is traditionally associated with Mahakassapa.
Kalashoka is traditionally associated with the: Second Buddhist Council → Vaishali. The Second Council is generally placed about a century after the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana and is associated with disputes concerning monastic practices.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q.9 Which of the following Buddhist sacred place is situated on the Bank of River Niranjana. (U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2012)

(a) Bodhgaya (b) Kushinagar (c) Lumbini (d) Rishipatan

Ans. (a)

Exp:

Bodh Gaya, in present-day Bihar, is situated on the banks of the Niranjana River, traditionally identified with the present Phalgu River. This is the place where Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment (Bodhi) under the Bodhi tree.
Kushinagara is associated with the Mahaparinirvana of Buddha, not his enlightenment. It lies in present-day Uttar Pradesh and is associated with the Hiranyavati River.
Lumbini, in present-day Nepal, is traditionally regarded as the birthplace of Gautama Buddha.
Rishipatan (Isipatana) is the ancient name associated with Sarnath, near Varanasi. It is famous because Buddha delivered his first sermon there to the five ascetics.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q.10 After the Mahaparinirvana of Lord Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held at – (B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2018)

(a) Rajgriha (Rajgir) (b) Gaya (c) Pataliputra (d) Vaishali (e) None of the above/More than one of the above

Ans. (a)

Exp:

After the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagara, his disciples sought to preserve his teachings. The First Buddhist Council was therefore convened at Rajagriha (Rajgir) under the patronage of Magadha ruler Ajatashatru.
Important participants:
Mahakassapa → presided over the council.
Ananda → recited the Suttas/Suttapitaka according to tradition.
Upali → recited the Vinaya (monastic discipline).
Thus, the council helped preserve the Buddha's teachings through oral recitation.

Q.11 Tripitakas are the sacred books of the – (63rd B.P.S.C (Pre.) 2017)

(a) Jains

(b) Hindus

(d) Buddhists

(e) None of the above/More than one of the above

Ans (d)

Exp:

The Tripitaka (Tipitaka) is the principal canonical literature of Buddhism, particularly preserved in the Pali Canon of the Theravada tradition. The word Tripitaka literally means: “Three Baskets” (Tri = three, Pitaka = basket). It is divided into three Pitakas:

1. Vinaya Pitaka — Rules of Discipline. Vinaya means discipline. It contains rules governing the conduct and discipline of: Bhikkhus (monks), Bhikkhunis (nuns). It is therefore primarily concerned with the organisation and discipline of the Sangha.

2. Sutta Pitaka — Discourses/Teachings. The Sutta Pitaka contains the Buddha's discourses and teachings. It includes teachings on: Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, Dhamma, Ethics, Meditation and Various dialogues and narratives. It contains the famous Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Samyutta Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya and Khuddaka Nikaya.

3. Abhidhamma Pitaka — Higher/Analytical Teaching. The Abhidhamma Pitaka provides a more systematic and analytical treatment of Buddhist doctrine and mental phenomena. It analyses concepts relating to: Mind/consciousness, Mental states, Dhamma and Buddhist philosophical categories.

Parsees/Zoroastrians follow the Zoroastrian religious tradition. Their sacred scripture is the: Avesta.

Q.12 Ashokaram monastery was situated at – (U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2015)

(a) Vaishali (b) Pataliputra (c) Kaushambi (d) Shravasti

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Ashokarama (Ashokārāma) was a famous Buddhist monastery at Pataliputra, associated with Emperor Ashoka.
After embracing Buddhism, Ashoka became an important patron of the Buddhist Sangha and supported the construction and maintenance of monasteries.
Ashokarama is particularly important because it is traditionally associated with the Third Buddhist Council, held at Pataliputra during Ashoka's reign. The council was presided over by Moggaliputta Tissa.

Q.13 Which is the correct chronological order of the following stupas? (U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014)

(a) Bharhut, Sanchi, Amaravati, Dhamekh

(b) Amaravati, Sanchi, Bharhut, Dhamekh

(d) Dhamekh, Bharhut, Amaravati, Sanchi

Ans. (*)

Exp:

Important: This question has a genuine chronological problem. The best-supported broad chronological sequence is: Sanchi → Bharhut → Amaravati → Dhamekh. But this sequence is not present in any of the four options.
The Great Stupa at Sanchi was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Its original brick structure was subsequently enlarged and modified, particularly during the Shunga and Satavahana periods.
The Bharhut Stupa, in present-day Madhya Pradesh, is generally associated with the 2nd century BCE, particularly the Shunga period. The famous stone railing and sculptural decoration belong largely to this period.
The Amaravati Stupa in Andhra Pradesh developed into a major Buddhist monument from roughly the 2nd century BCE onward, with substantial enlargement and sculptural development during the Satavahana and later periods.
The Dhamekh Stupa at Sarnath is associated with the place where Buddha delivered his first sermon. However, the present monumental structure is the result of several phases of construction and rebuilding, with major development occurring much later than the early stupas of Sanchi and Bharhut.

Q.14 With reference to the cultural history of India, which one of the following is the correct description of the term 'paramitas'? (UPSC - 2020)

(a) The earliest Dharmashastra texts are written in aphoristic (sutra) style

(b) Philosophical schools that did not accept the authority of Vedas

(d) Powerful merchant guilds of early medieval South India.

Ans. (c)

Exp:

Pāramitās are the “perfections” or “virtues to be perfected” by a Bodhisattva on the path toward Buddhahood. The concept is particularly important in Mahayana Buddhism. The Bodhisattva seeks to cultivate these qualities over successive stages/lifetimes in order to attain perfect Buddhahood while working for the liberation of all sentient beings.
A Bodhisattva is one who follows the path toward Buddhahood and, particularly in Mahayana thought, is motivated by compassion for all sentient beings. The Bodhisattva cultivates qualities such as: Generosity → morality → patience → effort → meditation → wisdom. Through the perfection of these qualities, the Bodhisattva progresses toward Buddhahood.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q.15 Sir Edwin Arnold book ‘The Light of the Asia’ is based on– (U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2014)

(a) Divavadana (b) Lalitvistar (c) Suttapitak (d) Abhidhammapitak

Ans. (b) Lalitavistara

Exp:

The Light of Asia is a famous poem by Sir Edwin Arnold, first published in 1879. It presents the life and teachings of Gautama Buddha in poetic form. Arnold drew substantially from traditional Buddhist biographical literature, particularly the Lalitavistara, an important Sanskrit Buddhist text belonging to the Mahayana tradition.
Lalitavistara is a Buddhist biography/narrative of the Buddha's life, covering events such as: Buddha's birth, His princely life, The Great Renunciation (Mahabhinishkramana), His quest for truth, Enlightenment and his early teaching.
Divyavadana is a collection of Buddhist narratives and legends, largely in Sanskrit. It contains stories relating to the Buddha, monks, kings and Buddhist teachings.
The Sutta Pitaka contains the Buddha's discourses/teachings and is one of the three divisions of the Tipitaka.
The Abhidhamma Pitaka deals with the systematic and analytical exposition of Buddhist doctrine, particularly mental phenomena and doctrinal categories.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Q.16 The oldest sculpture of Buddha is made in which style? (66th B.P.S.C. Re-Exam (Pre) 2020)

(a) Gandhara Style

(b) Mathura Style

(d) Gupta Style

(e) None of the above/More than one of the above

Ans (e)

Exp:

This question is tricky/ambiguous because the earliest known anthropomorphic (human-form) images of the Buddha emerged around the 1st–2nd century CE, particularly in the Gandhara and Mathura regions. Therefore, it is difficult to identify one school as the oldest with certainty.
The Gandhara School, centred in present-day northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan, developed under strong Kushan patronage, especially during the period of Kanishka. It is known for its Hellenistic/Greco-Roman artistic influence, including realistic modelling and wavy hair.
The Mathura School, centred around Mathura, developed an essentially indigenous Indian artistic tradition. Its early Buddha images are characterised by a powerful bodily form, transparent/close-fitting drapery and distinctive iconographic features.
The Mauryan period (3rd century BCE) predates both Gandhara and Mathura Buddha-image traditions, but its Buddhist art is predominantly represented by stupas, pillars, polished stone sculptures, and symbolic representations, rather than anthropomorphic Buddha images. Famous examples include the Lion Capital of Sarnath and Ashokan pillars.
The Gupta period (4th–6th centuries CE) represents a later stage in the development of Buddhist sculpture. Buddha images from Sarnath and Mathura attained a highly refined and idealised form during this period.

Therefore, because both Gandhara and Mathura are associated with the earliest anthropomorphic Buddha images and the question does not provide a sufficiently precise criterion for determining which is “oldest,” option (e) — None of the above/More than one of the above — is the safest answer.

Q.17 Lord Buddha’s image is sometimes shown with the hand gesture called - ‘Bhumisparsha Mudra’. It symbolizes - (UPSC - 2012)

(a) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his meditation

(b) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of Mara

(c) Buddha’s reminder to his followers that they all arise from the Earth and finally dissolve into the Earth, and thus life is transitory

(d) Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct in this context.

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Bhumisparsha means: Bhumi = Earth, Sparsha = Touch. So, literally: “Touching the Earth.” In the standard representation, Buddha is seated in meditation, with his right hand reaching down and touching the ground, while the left hand remains in his lap. The gesture represents the episode immediately preceding his enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
According to the traditional Buddhist account, Mara challenged Siddhartha's claim to spiritual attainment. Mara asked, in effect, who could testify to Siddhartha's accumulated merit and his qualification to attain enlightenment. Siddhartha touched the Earth and called upon the Earth as witness to his accumulated merit from previous lives. So, Statement (b) is correct.
The Earth is not primarily invoked as a protective force whose job is to prevent Mara from disturbing Buddha's meditation. Rather, Buddha calls the Earth as a witness to his accumulated merit and his right to attain enlightenment. So, Statement (a) is incorrect.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.18 With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC – 2020)

1. Parivrajaka - Renunciant and Wanderer

2. Shramana - Priest with a high status

3. Upasaka - Lay follower of Buddhism

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Parivrajaka (परिव्राजक) literally refers to someone who wanders from place to place, particularly a religious seeker who has renounced ordinary household life. In ancient India, parivrajaka was used for wandering ascetics/religious seekers who left their household life in pursuit of spiritual knowledge or liberation.
Shramana (Śramaṇa) refers broadly to a wandering ascetic/religious seeker who followed a renunciatory path. The term is derived from the root associated with effort, exertion or striving. The Shramana tradition included several non-Vedic ascetic movements, including: Buddhists, Jains and Other ascetic groups.
Upāsaka refers to a male lay follower of Buddhism who accepts and follows the Buddha's teachings while remaining a householder.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.19 With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements : (UPSC - 2020)

1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.

2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.

3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered Mahayana Buddhism.

Which of the statements given below is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Sthaviravada (Sthaviravadins) was one of the major traditions that emerged from the early Buddhist schism, and it is associated with the early/orthodox Buddhist schools, not Mahayana. The term Sthavira means “elders.” The early Buddhist community eventually developed different schools, broadly associated with:

Sthavira tradition ↔ Mahasanghika tradition. So, Statement 1 is incorrect.

Lokottaravada (Lokottaravadins) was a school associated with the Mahasanghika tradition. The term Lokottara means: “Supramundane” / “Beyond the world.” The Lokottaravadins developed the idea that the Buddha was supramundane (lokottara) rather than merely an extraordinary human being. This is an important development in the history of Buddhist thought because it contributed to the increasingly transcendent conception of Buddha. So, Statement 2 is correct.
The Mahasanghikas developed a more transcendent/supramundane conception of Buddha. Instead of seeing Buddha merely as an exceptionally enlightened human teacher, this tendency increasingly emphasized: Buddha's supernatural/transcendent nature. The Buddha was increasingly represented as possessing extraordinary qualities and transcendent existence. This development helped create an intellectual and devotional environment from which important features of Mahayana Buddhism subsequently emerged. So, Statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.20 Consider the following : (UPSC - 2019)

1. Deification of the Buddha

2. Treading the path of Bodhisattvas

3. Image worship and rituals

Which of the above is/are the feature/features of Mahayana Buddhism?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (d)

Exp:

In early Buddhist thought, Gautama Buddha was primarily understood as an enlightened teacher who discovered and taught the path to liberation. In Mahayana Buddhism, the conception of Buddha became increasingly transcendent and divine-like. Buddha came to be understood as possessing supernatural/transcendent qualities, and devotional practices directed towards Buddha became increasingly important. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
A Bodhisattva is one who follows the path toward Buddhahood, motivated by compassion for all sentient beings. This is perhaps the most important defining feature of Mahayana. Instead of seeking liberation solely for oneself, the Bodhisattva ideal emphasizes working toward the liberation of all beings. The Bodhisattva cultivates the Paramitas (perfections) such as: Dana → generosity, Shila → ethical conduct, Kshanti → patience, Virya → effort, Dhyana → meditation and Prajna → wisdom. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
Mahayana Buddhism gave a much greater place to devotional practices, images, rituals and worship. Mahayana traditions also developed elaborate devotional practices involving: Buddha images, Bodhisattva images, Offerings, Ritual practices, Recitation of sacred texts/mantras in some traditions, and Worship of celestial Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Hence, Statement 3 is also correct.

Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

Q.21 With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (UPSC - 2016)

1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism.

2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.

3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect. The Bodhisattva ideal is particularly associated with Mahayana Buddhism, while early Buddhist traditions emphasised the Arhat ideal (the ideal of attaining personal liberation/Nirvana by overcoming mental defilements).
Statement 2 is correct. A Bodhisattva is one who aspires to enlightenment/Buddhahood and is characterised by compassion (karuṇā) toward all sentient beings.

Important Bodhisattvas

Avalokiteshvara (Padmapani) → Compassion
Manjushri → Wisdom
Vajrapani → Power/Protection
Maitreya → Future Buddha
Kshitigarbha → Vow to aid beings, especially those in difficult realms
Samantabhadra → Practice, vows and conduct
Statement 3 is correct. In Mahayana thought, the Bodhisattva seeks Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings, postponing final liberation rather than pursuing personal liberation alone.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.22 Which among the following state 'Odantipur' Education Centre was situated? (60th to 62nd B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2016)

(a) Bengal (b) Bihar (c) Gujarat (d) Tamil Nadu (e) None of the above/More than one of the above

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Odantapuri (Odantapura/Odantipur) was an important Buddhist centre of learning located in present-day Bihar. It flourished under the Pala rulers, who were major patrons of Buddhism and Buddhist institutions. It was one of the important Buddhist centres of eastern India, along with:

· Nalanda → Bihar

· Vikramashila → Bihar

· Somapura → present-day Bangladesh

Odantapuri is traditionally associated with Gopala, the founder of the Pala dynasty. The Palas were major patrons of Mahayana and later Vajrayana Buddhism and supported several major monasteries and universities.

Q.23 Who was the founder of Nalanda University? (56th to 59th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2015)

(a) Chandragupta Vikramaditya

(b) Kumargupta

(d) Pushyagupta

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Nalanda Mahavihara (Nalanda University), one of ancient India's greatest centres of Buddhist learning, is traditionally associated with its foundation during the reign of Gupta ruler Kumaragupta I (also known as Shakraditya in some sources). The foundation is generally placed in the 5th century CE. Nalanda subsequently developed into a huge residential centre of learning, attracting students and scholars from different parts of Asia.
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, one of the greatest Gupta rulers. He is famous for:

· Expansion of the Gupta Empire

· Patronage of art and culture

· The famous iron pillar tradition at Mehrauli

· The flourishing of Sanskrit literature and culture

But the traditional founder attribution of Nalanda is Kumaragupta I, not Chandragupta - II.

Dharmapala was a major ruler of the Pala dynasty. He was a great patron of Buddhism and is traditionally credited with establishing Vikramashila Mahavihara.
Pushyagupta was a governor/official associated with the Mauryan period, particularly under Chandragupta Maurya. He is famous for constructing the Sudarshana Lake in Gujarat according to later inscriptional evidence. He has no connection with the foundation of Nalanda.

Q.24 With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (UPSC - 2017)

1. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism.

2. Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans.(b)

Exp:

Both Sautrantika and Sammitiya were Buddhist schools, not Jain schools. Sautrantika was a school of Buddhist philosophy, associated with the broader Hinayana/early Buddhist scholastic tradition. Sammitiya generally associated with the Pudgalavada tradition. Therefore, Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is a reference to the philosophical position of the Sarvastivada school of Buddhism. The name Sarvastivada comes from: Sarva = all, Asti = exists and Vada = doctrine. Literally: “The doctrine that all exists.”
The Sarvastivadins held that dharmas (constituents/elements of existence) exist across the three periods: Past + Present + Future, this is known as the “three-times existence” doctrine. The school developed sophisticated explanations concerning the different modes/statuses of dharmas in the three periods. This is why the UPSC statement describes them as: “not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form.” The essential idea being tested is: Sarvastivada → all dharmas exist in the three times. So, Statement 2 is correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.25 With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism? (UPSC - 2012)

1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment.

2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas.

3. Denial of the efficiency of rituals.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

(a) Only 1 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (b)

Exp:

Buddhism → Middle Path. The Buddha rejected two extremes: Extreme sensual enjoyment and Extreme self-mortification/penance. He advocated the Middle Path (Majjhima Patipada).
Jainism → Severe asceticism. Jainism, particularly in the teachings and practices associated with Mahavira, gave great importance to rigorous austerities and penance. Jain monks traditionally practised severe forms of: fasting, bodily discipline, renunciation and austerities. Therefore, saying that both Buddhism and Jainism avoided extremes of penance is incorrect. So Statement 1 is Incorrect.
Both Buddhism and Jainism emerged within the wider Śramaṇa tradition and did not accept the Vedas as an unquestionable/supreme religious authority. They challenged the dominant Vedic religious framework, particularly the idea that Vedic revelation and sacrificial rituals were essential for attaining the highest spiritual goal. So Statement 2 is Correct.
“Denial of the efficiency/efficacy of rituals”, is also common to both, when “rituals” refers particularly to Vedic sacrificial rituals as the means of spiritual liberation.
Buddhism: The Buddha emphasized: ethical conduct, right understanding, meditation, and the Noble Eightfold Path rather than Vedic sacrifices as the route to liberation.
Jainism: Jainism similarly emphasized: Right Faith, Right Knowledge, Right Conduct, austerity, and control of karma rather than Vedic sacrificial rites. Thus, both challenged the idea that performing Vedic sacrificial rituals was sufficient for liberation. Hence, Statement 3 is also correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.26 Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are called Viharas. What is the difference between the two? (UPSC - 2013)

(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the

dwelling place of the monks

(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the

dwelling place of the monks

Vihara is the hall axial to it

(d) There is no material difference between the two

Ans. (b)

Exp:

A Chaitya (or Chaitya-griha) was primarily a Buddhist prayer/worship hall. Its most important architectural feature was a: Stupa at the rear/end of the hall. The stupa was the principal object of reverence. Famous examples: Karla Caves, Bhaja Caves, Ajanta Chaitya caves and Bedsa Caves.
A Vihara was primarily a monastic residence. It provided accommodation for Buddhist monks, especially during the rainy season. A typical rock-cut Vihara consists of: Central hall/courtyard-like space + small cells around it. The individual cells were used by monks for residence/meditation. Famous examples: Ajanta Viharas, Ellora Buddhist caves, and Several caves at Kanheri.

Q.27 Consider the following statements: (U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2017)

1. The early chaityagrihas and viharas of Guntuphalli in West Godavari district are rock cut.

2. The chaityas and Viharas of Eastern Deccan are usually rock cut.

Of these statements:

(a) Only 1 is correct

(b) Only 2 is correct

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 is correct

Ans. (a)

Exp:

Guntupalli is a Rock-cut Buddhist architecture and it is located at present-day Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh, historically in West Godavari district. It contains important early Buddhist remains, including:

· Rock-cut chaitya

· Rock-cut caves/viharas

· Stupas

· Structural/brick Buddhist monuments

The Government of Andhra Pradesh specifically describes Guntupalli as having rock-cut caves, including a rock-cut temple/vṛtta-chaitya, along with monasteries and other structural remains. So, Statement 1 is Correct.
Statement 2 tests your knowledge of regional differences in Buddhist architecture. The Eastern Deccan, particularly the Andhra region, had a significant tradition of structural Buddhist architecture, especially using brick. Important examples include Buddhist remains at: Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, Ghantasala, Jaggayyapeta and Salihundam. These sites provide substantial evidence of brick/structural Buddhist monuments, rather than the predominantly rock-cut cave tradition characteristic of the Western Deccan. So, Statement 2 is Incorrect.

Q.28 With reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world? (UPSC - 2018)

(a) Avalokiteshvara (b) Lokesvara (c) Maitreya (d) Padmapani

Ans. (c)

Exp:

Maitreya is regarded in Buddhist tradition as the future Buddha who will appear in the world in the future and attain Buddhahood. According to Buddhist tradition, Gautama Buddha (Shakyamuni) is the Buddha of the present age, while Maitreya is the Buddha who is yet to appear. The sequence is: Dipankara Buddha → Gautama Buddha → Maitreya Buddha. Maitreya is presently believed to reside in Tusita (Tushita) heaven as a Bodhisattva and will descend to the human world in the future to attain Buddhahood and renew the Dharma.
Avalokiteshvara is a major Bodhisattva, especially associated with compassion.
Lokesvara (Lokeshvara) is essentially a form/name associated with Avalokiteshvara.
Padmapani literally means “lotus-holder” and is a form/epithet of Avalokiteshvara. In Buddhist art, Avalokiteshvara is frequently shown holding a lotus (padma), hence the name Padmapani.

Q.29 Which one of the following statements is correct? (UPSC - 2021)

(a) Ajanata Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river.

(b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river.

(d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river.

Ans: (a)

Exp:

The Ajanta Caves are located in a horseshoe-shaped gorge formed by the Waghora River in present-day Maharashtra. The caves are cut into the rock face of the gorge.
Sanchi is in Madhya Pradesh, near Vidisha. It is not situated in the gorge of the Chambal River. The Sanchi complex is located on a hill, and its famous Great Stupa was originally commissioned under Ashoka.
Pandu-lena/Pandavleni Caves are located near Nashik, Maharashtra. They are ancient Buddhist rock-cut caves, associated mainly with the early centuries BCE/CE. They are located in the Godavari region, not in the gorge of the Narmada.
Amaravati is in present-day Andhra Pradesh, and it is associated with the Krishna River, not the Godavari. The famous Amaravati Stupa was an important centre of Buddhist art and architecture.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q.30 With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements : (UPSC - 2023)

1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin.

2. Stupa was generally a repository of relics.

3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

Ans: (b)

Exp:

The practice of preserving the remains of an important personality below accumulated earth was long in existence. Buddhist art adopted this practice and the structure built over such a site came to be known as Stupa. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
However, the concept of Stupa is not necessarily of Buddhist origin. The word Stupa is mentioned in the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Vajasaneyi Samhita, Taittriya Samhita and Panchavimsata Brahmana. Probably, then, anything raised on the ground like a heap/pile might have been known as Stupa. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
The Buddhist texts, like the Avadana Satakam, Mahavadana and Stupavadanam mention about the commemorative aspects of the Stupa. Even the Jaina literature like Raya Pasenaiya Sutta refers to it. Probably in the later period, due to the deep desire of the common mass to worship the lord for the sake of salvation, Stupa acquired its votive character as well. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.31 In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located? (UPSC - 2023)

(a) Andhra (b) Gandhara (c) Kalinga (d) Magadha

Ans: (a)

Exp:

Dhanyakataka (Dhanakataka/Dharanikota) was an important ancient Buddhist centre in the Andhra region, associated with present-day Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh. It flourished as an important centre of Buddhist activity, particularly under the Mahasanghikas.

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Q.32 With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: (UPSC - 2022)

Historical person Known as

1. Aryadeva – Jaina scholar

2. Dignaga – Buddhist scholar

3. Nathamuni – Vaishnava scholar

How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

(a) None of the pairs (b) Only one pair (c) Only two pairs (d) All three pairs

Ans: (c)

Exp:

Aryadeva was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamika philosopher. Hence, pair 1 is not correctly matched.
Dignaga was an Indian Buddhist scholar and one of the Buddhist founders of Indian logic. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.
Sri Ranganatha Muni, popularly known as Sriman Nathamuni, was a Vaishnava theologian who collected and compiled the Nalayira Divya Prabandham. Hence, pair 3 is correctly matched.

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Q.33 What does an empty seat represent in early Buddhist iconography? (UPSC - 2026)

(a) The meditation of the Buddha

(b) The Buddha's First Sermon

(d) The Buddha’s Mahabhinishkramana

Ans: (a)

Exp:

In early Buddhist aniconic art, Buddha was often represented symbolically rather than in human form. An empty seat/throne can signify the presence of the Buddha in meditation, particularly his meditative presence under the Bodhi tree. It does not necessarily mean that the Buddha himself is absent; rather, his presence is represented symbolically.
The most characteristic symbol of the First Sermon at Sarnath is the: Dharmachakra (Wheel of Dharma). It represents Dharmachakra Pravartana — Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma.
The Buddha's Mahaparinibbana is represented through imagery such as the stupa/relic tradition and, in later anthropomorphic art, the reclining Buddha.
The Great Renunciation is associated with Siddhartha's departure from worldly life. In aniconic art, the horse (often riderless) is an important symbol of this event.

· Correct Aniconic Symbol Chart for Prelims:

Symbol	Event/meaning
Empty seat/throne	Meditation/presence of Buddha
Bodhi tree	Enlightenment
Dharma Chakra	First Sermon
Horse/riderless horse	Mahabhinishkramana
Footprints	Presence of Buddha
Stupa	Buddha/relics/commemoration

Q.34 With reference to ancient India, Gautama Buddha was generally known by which of the following epithets? (UPSC - 2024)

1. Nayaputta 2. Shakyamuni 3. Tathagata

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None of the above are epithets of Gautama Buddha

Ans: (b)

Exp:

Nayaputta (also written Nātaputta/Nataputta) is an epithet associated with Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. It means approximately: “Son of Nata/Jnata”. In Buddhist texts, Mahavira is referred to as Nigaṇṭha Nātaputta.Therefore, Statement 1 is incorrect.
Shakyamuni (Śākyamuni) literally means: “Sage of the Shakya clan.” Gautama Buddha was born among the Shakyas, traditionally at Lumbini. Therefore, Statement 2 is correct.
Tathagata is another important epithet used by Gautama Buddha himself when referring to the Buddha in Buddhist texts. Therefore, Statement 3 is correct.

So, option (b) is the correct answer.

Q.35 Sanghabhuti, an Indian Buddhist monk, who travelled to China at the end of the fourth century AD, was the author of a commentary on: (UPSC - 2024)

(a) Prajnaparamita Sutra (b) Visuddhimagga (c) Sarvastivada Vinaya (d) Lalitavistara

Ans: (c)

Exp:

Sanghabhuti (Saṃghabhūti) was an Indian Buddhist monk and scholar who travelled to China in the late 4th century CE. He is associated with a commentary on the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya, the monastic disciplinary literature of the Sarvastivada school of Buddhism.
Prajñāpāramitā literature belongs to Mahayana Buddhism and deals extensively with the concept of prajñā (perfect wisdom) and emptiness (śūnyatā).
Visuddhimagga (Path of Purification) is a major work of Theravada Buddhism. It was written by the great Buddhist scholar Buddhaghosa, generally dated to the 5th century CE.
Lalitavistara is an important Buddhist biographical text describing the life of Gautama Buddha, especially his journey from birth to enlightenment. It is associated with Mahayana Buddhist literature and contains both earlier and later textual layers.

So, option (c) is the correct answer.